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Ignoring the problem of missing data can lead to loss of statistical power and can also introduce bias. Handling missing data is a complex and active research area in statistics. It can arise due to all sorts of reasons, such as faulty machinery in lab experiments, patients dropping out of clinical trials, or non-response to sensitive items in surveys. And don’t forget that you can have your work proofread to make sure your referencing is complete.Missing data is very common in observational and experimental research. Most sources will have the information you need available, even if it is not easy to spot at first. However, remember to check carefully before using these methods. These should cover most cases of missing information in APA. Use paragraph numbers if a source has no page numbers.A description in square brackets when a source has no title.Use the abbreviation ‘n.d.’ if a source has no year of publication.If there is no suitable organisational author either, use the source title instead. Cite an organisational author if a source is missing a named author.
#ANOTHER WORD FOR MISSING INFORMATION FULL#
If you cannot find full source information, APA referencing suggests: Summary: Missing Information in APA Referencing For longer works without paragraph or page numbers in the text, you can cite chapter, section, or part numbers instead when available. 6).Īs a rule, paragraph numbers are most useful for shorter documents where you can quickly count the number of paragraphs therein (or for sources that come with pre-numbered paragraphs). Smith (2003) rejects the ‘supposed need for page numbers’ (para. In cases like this, APA says you can use a paragraph number in citations: Possibly the most common issues of missing information in APA referencing is that some sources, such as websites, do not have page numbers. However, make sure you’ve checked thoroughly for these details before leaving them out! Sources Without Page Numbers If the source lacks a named author and a title, you can use the description (or a shortened version of the description) in citations as well. The Museum of Bad Art, London, United Kingdom. In these cases, you can use a description in square brackets place of a title in references. for a painting or another work of visual art). It is rare for sources to lack a title, but it can happen occasionally (e.g. We would then also use ‘n.d.’ in place of a year in the reference list: Time makes fools of us all (Smith, n.d.).
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We would use it in a citation like this, for instance: If you cannot find a date of publication for a source, use the phrase ‘n.d.’ This is short for ‘no date’. Thank you for subscribing to our newsletter! Sources Without a Year of Publication You’d also use the first word of the title when sorting sources alphabetically. You would then use the source title in place of an author’s name in the reference list as well (the only time you should attribute something to ‘Anonymous’ is when the author is listed as such on the source).
#ANOTHER WORD FOR MISSING INFORMATION HOW TO#
For instance, we could cite an anonymous book called How to Cite Sources Effectively like this:Ĭiting sources can be difficult ( How to Cite, 2001). If the title is quite long, you should also shorten it. If a source truly has no author to name, APA style recommends using the title in place of a name for citations and the reference list. On the next citation, we would then use the abbreviation by itself instead of repeating the full organisation name again. You can do this within a citation by adding the abbreviation in square brackets:Īnonymity can affect the psyche over prolonged periods (American Psychological Association, 2008). If you cite a source like this more than once, you may also want to abbreviate the organisation’s name. The Psychological effects of anonymity on self-esteem.
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For instance:Īmerican Psychological Association (2008). We would then cite the same organisational author in the reference list at the end of your document. Here, for example, we’re citing the American Psychological Association. the company or organisation that produced the source):Īnonymity can affect the psyche over prolonged periods (American Psychological Association, 2008). But when this happens, you can cite an organisational author instead of a person (i.e. Not every source will name the person who wrote it. But what do you do when you can’t find an author’s name or a date of publication? I in this post, we look at how to deal with missing information in APA referencing. Referencing can be tricky even if you have all the source details.